Life and Debt Documentary: Summary and Analysis

Life and Debt Documentary: Summary and Analysis Life and Debt Film Write The tourist who comes to Jamaica focuses on the beauty of the island. Jamaica is the island where Antiguans suffer and want to escape. However, the natives are too poor to escape the island. Antiguans try their best to satisfy the tourists. The natives envy the tourists because the tourists have the ability to leave their boredom and turn Jamaica into a pleasurable vacation. Stephanie Black, the filmmaker of Life and Debt, is attempting to demonstrate that the tourist, through Jamaica Kincaids description, witnesses the beauty of the island while being oblivious from the harsher realities of the natives. The major themes that Kincaid addresses include the influence of homeland on identity, culture, and the desire for independence. The first themes that will be argued are the perspectives of the tourists, the natives, and the omnipotents view on Jamaica. The first concept that will be argued is the tourists perspective on the natives. In the tourists perspective, they stereotype natives as being relaxed, laid back people, without realizing that natives are working hard to satisfy the tourists. In the tourists perspective on Jamaica, they are fond by the beauty of the island and the continuing sunshine. The continuing sunshine in Jamaica represents a lack of rainfall. This lack of rainfall is a lack of fresh water. This lack of fresh water for the natives does not interest the tourists because the beauty and the sunshine of the island is all that really matters to them. Tourists who swim in the sea have no clue the amount of waste that they create. Also, the tourists do not notice that the food that they are eating is from Miami. The second concept that will be argued is the natives perspective on the tourists. When the tourists arrive in Jamaica, natives automatically label them as being a tourist. In the natives perspective, a tourist is an ugly human being because they do not look, eat, or speak the same way as the natives do. The natives view the tourists as people who make use of poor people for their own satisfaction. The natives must work hard in order to prove pleasure for the tourists. The natives are living in poor conditions wishing that they can be the tourists, because tourists have the ability to leave their boredom and come to a place such as Jamaica to relax. However, in Jamaica, getting off the island is not as easy for the natives then it is for the tourists who are visiting the island. The third concept that will be argued is the omnipotents perspective on Jamaica. The US and European countries may not have authority over Jamaica, but they push their influence and instigate their authority within Jamaica. The United States of America and European countries took advantage of the Jamaicans by creating a trade system in order to earn extra money for themselves. This, in turn, jeopardizes businessmen and farmers in Jamaica because it is harder for them to compete with the US and Europe. Jamaicans are manipulated by the IMF, WB, and WTO. The US and European countries have power over Jamaica because the tourists commodify and exploit the natives by still treating them as slaves. Tourists do not recognize that the natives history, culture, and religion and what Jamaica is all about. All that the tourists care about is their vacation time to relax and be treated as royalty. This is similar to the way they were treated before their independence. The history of Antigua includes Britain controlling the Antiguans. The old Antigua includes many racist moments and slavery work for the Antiguans. The Antiguans speak the same language as Britain. Since English is the Britains language, it is also the Antiguans language. The Antiguans did not have any independence until the time of the Earthquake. When post-colonial happened in 1974, the Antiguans went to the church and thanked a God, a British God. Even though the Antiguans got their freedom and independence, they still had to speak the language of those who enslaved them. Also, the Antiguans had to follow the Britain religion because they have been adapted to this religion. In conclusion, these perspectives have been linked together to prove that tourists are lacking conscious awareness of how the natives live their lives. This type of agency relates to the book â€Å"A Small Place† by Jamaica Kincaid because the Government is also taking advantage of his power of Jamaica. He is taking advantage of his power by delaying the reconstruction of the library because he has, in his perspective, his own priorities to deal with. The library is a symbol of education and culture for the Antiguans. The library can only be re-built if the Antiguans have money to provide for it. The rich people of the Mill Reef Club would help if the old library was re-built. The Government is not doing what is right for the Antiguans. There has been a corruption of the Government because there have been many abuses of power in Jamaica. The funds have been wrongly placed. Drug smuggling is an issue in Jamaica. Also, there has been a misappropriation of political violence. In conclusion, â€Å"Life and Debt† shows the ignorance of tourists who travel to Jamaica for their own enjoyment and satisfaction. Stephanie Black, the filmmaker of Life and Debt, is attempting to demonstrate that the tourist, through Jamaica Kincaids description, witnesses beauty of the island while being oblivious from the harsher realities of the natives. The major themes that Kincaid addresses include the influence of homeland on identity, culture, and the desire for independence. The lives of the natives have no interest to the tourists because the tourists come to enjoy the beauty of the island. In the natives perspective, they view tourists as ugly human beings because tourists are oblivious to how the natives live their lives. The Government is abusing his powers by wrongly placing funds. The United States of America and Europeans took advantage of the Jamaicans by creating a trade system in order to earn extra money for themselves. The Government is also taking advan tage of his power. The library has been pending repairs since 1974. The library is very important to the Jamaicans because the library represents a symbol of education, culture, history, and independence.

What Major Events in the Cold War Caused Fidel Castro?

What major events in the Cold War caused Fidel Castro to side with the Soviet Union Super Power? In the 1960’s the world was largely dominated by the Cold War which was a long period of tension and hostility that only occasionally broke out into open warfare. This conflict was caused by the rivalry of two superpowers – the United States and the Soviet Union and emerged after the Second World War. Both super powers had different ideologies – the United States was a capitalist democracy, whereas the Soviet Union were communist.These two super powers tried to influence many different countries throughout the world which ended up causing worldwide tension. More specifically, Cuba as country was affected by the Cold War in many ways and there were many events that caused them to side with the Soviet Union during this time when driven away by America. The major events such as Cuba’s New Regime, the Bay of Pigs attack and the Cuban Missile Crisis all had an impac t on Cuba being pushed away from American alliance and towards the Soviet Union. Cuba was largely controlled and owned by the United States.This includes their economic wealth, oil, refineries, mines, cattle ranches and railways. When Fidel Castro came into power in Cuba, many things changed. He introduced the new regime, which America was extremely suspicious of when Castro began to bring in socialist reforms such as redistribution of land, the collectivization of agriculture and nationalization of transport. These measures affected American investors and in turn caused America to react by banning Cuban sugar imports to America and break all diplomatic relations.USA became more hostile when Castro started trading with the Soviet Union and brought in thousands of Soviet technicians. America began to believe that Cuba was communist, which was not yet the case. America started secretly planning to invade Cuba and to overthrow Fidel Castro. This event of the new regime which was conduc ted after the Cuban Revolution had a great impact in the driving away of Cuba from their alliance with the United States and in turn pushed them closer to the Soviet Union.Another largely to blame event is the American failure of the landing at the Bay of Pigs. This was another attempt to over throw the Cuban government and evict Fidel Castro from power. This affair was a complete disaster on the behalf of America as Castro’s guerrilla forces easily defeated the US invaders within 2 days of the attack and all Americans were killed or taken as prisoners. The Bay of Pigs ambush was extremely embarrassing for the US, both because their involvement had been very public and the whole affair had been poorly planned and executed.Kennedy took public responsibility for the mistakes made, but remained determined to rid Cuba of Castro. This was an extremely short conflict and left USA with great shame and embarrassment. The Cuban Missile Crisis was also an important event that contribut ed largely to Fidel Castro being pushed into alliance with Soviet Union by America. US spy planes spotted nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. After being informed of this, Kennedy called together 18 of his closest advisers to try to resolve the most dangerous confrontation of the cold war.Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba with the aim that it would prevent the Soviets from bringing in more military supplies into Cuba. Kennedy demanded the removal of the missiles already there and the destruction of the sites. During the crisis, the two sides exchanged many letters and other communications. The leaders of both superpowers recognized the devastating possibility of a nuclear war and publicly agreed to a deal in which the Soviets would dismantle the weapon sites in exchange for a pledge from the United States not to invade Cuba.In a separate deal, which remained secret for more than twenty-five years, the United States also ag reed to remove its nuclear missiles from Turkey. Although the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, they escalated the building of their military arsenal; the missile crisis was over, but the arms race was not. There were several monumental events that occurred during the Cold War that caused Fidel Castro and Cuba to side with the Soviet Union.There were political disagreements between Cuba and the United States, as well as direct conflict and violence between the two. There were extremely tense confrontations between the two super powers that could have ended tragically and caused an entire nuclear war. President Kennedy told Americans after the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended – â€Å"For, in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's future. And we are all mortal. â€Å"

Great Innovators Essay - 1414 Words

Johannes Gutenberg, a creator of the Renaissance, invented one of the greatest devices of all time, the printing press. Gutenberg was born in 1398 in Mainz, Germany to his parents, Friele and Else Gensfliesch. He also had two brothers. Not many people during Gutenberg’s time could read. But he was determined to be able to read. The only books back then were written by hand by monks and were very hard to come by. These books were also very expensive and would take a couple months to make. Because of this inconvenience, all books were preordered ahead of time so that the monks could have enough time to write them and get them to the person buying them when they needed the book. Gutenberg had a few other jobs before he became an†¦show more content†¦In doing this, Faust gained possession of both the supplies and the business. Gutenberg had lost all his tools and his money, but his strength and courage was not-a-bit lost. He had also not lost his friends (His ric h friends at that). One of his friends was so kind and generous that he lent Gutenberg all the money he needed to buy the tools to work with and the money to buy a workshop. At that, Gutenberg’s hopes were satisfied and he could be happy again. While he was printing books in Mainz, word was getting out all over Europe about how great this invention was. The letters were clearly legible from the metal types he used. Before he died, printing presses like the one’s he invented were being used all over Europe to spread the ideas of many other happy people. Luther Martin Luther was conceived into the religion of Roman Catholicism in the minute town of Eisleben, near modern day Berlin in Germany. His father was a miner that worked through all the jobs he needed to get done to make enough money and to ensure proper education for his son. Martin Luther seized a Master of Arts degree from the University of Erfurt when he was only a mere twenty one years old. His parents were middle-class peasant laborers that worked through tough conditions to make a living. Subsequent to Hans vision for his son to become a lawyer, Martin started learning about law in 1505. One stormyShow MoreRelatedInnovator Speculation And Its Effect On The Body And For The Great Of Society1649 Words   |  7 PagesInnovator speculation was equipped towards the masses and for the great of society; for instance, understudies of the Bauhaus were urged to plan items that could be produced on a mechanical scale and sold at moderate costs (Ryan, 2010). The thoughts of shape tak es after capacity and toning it down would be ideal Another focal rule of modern configuration is the thought of frame takes after capacity, which implies that plan or engineering ought to exist essentially to fill specific needs. ThisRead MoreEssay on The Wright Brothers: Great Innovators of Flight2787 Words   |  12 Pagesof flying among the birds became a reality. On December 17, 1905, Wilbur and Orville Wright flew on the first flying machine that was heavier than air. The Wright brothers made a legacy for themselves and are remembered as some of the greatest innovators of their time. In this report, I will give a brief biographic account of the early adulthood, pre-flight business endeavors, and the events that led up to the innovation that evolved into modern aeronautics. Wilbur, the eldest, was born nearRead MoreThe Innovator s Dilemm When New Technologies Cause Great Firms1033 Words   |  5 PagesMSCI 422, Fall 2015 BOOK REVIEW Anmol Tripathi 20467600 Christensen, Clayton M. The Innovator s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School, 1997. Print. The Innovator’s Dilemma A book report Chapter 1: How Can Great Firms Fail? 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There is much speculation as to whether The Great Gatsby is truly worthy to be on ‘Top 100 Novels of All Time’ list however as technology continuesRead More Role Model of the West Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesFor hundreds of years, Western Civilization has flourished and become very dominate with stable and powerful nations. Reasons why the Western Civilization have become such great nations has been much attributed to the great role model, ancient Greeks for their many contributions, such as architecture, fine arts, education, philosophy, and mostly for their form of democracy and ways of government. The architecture and fine arts in ancient Greece had proved to be beyond its time. The Greeks talentRead MoreEssay on U.S. Technological Advances 1925-19501619 Words   |  7 Pages2001). Another equally important invention was the combine. Before the combine farmers were required to bind, shock, and thresh the grain. The combine was able to complete all of these functions in one operation (Missouri, 2001). Farmers saved a great amount of required labor and the process became very efficient. Milking machines were also introduced which made milking cows a much easier task. These machines hooked up to the cow and extracted milk with a vacuum-like function. Once it extractedRead MoreEssay about Change in Massachusetts Politics1675 Words   |  7 Pageswhite businessmen that dominated politics and voted largely Republican.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the party switch that is the most interesting and the most available to analyzing. There most certainly was a switch somewhere between the roaring twenties and the great depression, but it not necessarily had everything to do with the money in people’s pockets. The reasons for it are to be further explained. The Industrial Revolution in Massachusetts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Massachusetts during the 1880’s and 1890’s, as in almostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1732 Words   |  7 PagesAP English: Major Works Data Sheet Title: The Great Gatsby Creator: F. Scott Fitzgerald Date of Publication: 1925 Classification: Novel Anecdotal data about the creator He moved from urban areas to act as a representative. He went to Princeton, never graduated. He enrolled amid WWI yet never saw battle activity. He was positioned at Fort Sheridan close Montgomery, Alabama. He met his future wife Zelda Sayre in Alabama. They would get to be conspicuous figures amid the Jazz Age

Wal Mart An Investment Advisor Of A Brokerage Firm

Wal-Mart was founded by Sam Walton and is one of the world’s largest retail stores operating in all 50 states as well as internationally in several countries. The retailer giant employs 2.1 million people who serve roughly 200 million customers per week. Sabrina Gupta is an investment advisor of a brokerage firm and is studying stocks and valuation of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Gupta is attempting to assess the valuation of Wal-Mart stocks to determine if she should urge her new and existing clients to add the stocks to their portfolios. Several valuation techniques were applied including perpetual dividend growth model, dividends and a terminal value, the three-stage approach, price/earnings approach, and capital asset pricing model. A. Perpetual Dividend Growth Model The current value of Wal-Mart stock is the discounted value of all future expected dividends at the required expected rate of return. The constant growth dividend discount model must be used in order to facilitate the estimation process. According to the constant growth dividend discount model, the current price (Po) of the stock is calculated by dividing next year’s expected dividend (D1) from the resultant obtained by subtracting the expected perpetual dividend growth rate (g) from the required rate of return (Ke): Po = D1/(Ke – g) The annual Wal-Mart dividend for year 2011 was $1.21 and the constant perpetual growth dividend was estimated at 5.0%. By using the given current stock price $53.45, the investor’sShow MoreRelatedNotes On Securities Markets And How Securities2608 Words   |  11 Pages IDC4UV: Finance – Assignment Securities Markets How Securities Are Traded Part A: Knowledge 1. Explain the concept of mutual funds. Why would investors invest in mutual funds? A mutual fund is a type of indirect investment in which an intermediary or mutual fund company buys shares and bonds on the stock exchange, and investors buy units of these intermediary companies. Thus, these investors and unit holders are entitled to income from the units they own, but must also pay fees and expensesRead MoreAmerican Express: Branding Financial Services - Essay10204 Words   |  41 Pageswithout it† was created to convey the essentiality of owning an American Express cardAmerican Express Card. As the company grew, it expanded into a variety of financial categories, including brokerages, banking, and insurance, and by the late 1980s, American Express was the largest diversified financial services firm in the world. The difficulty the company encountered integrating these broad financial services, combined with increased competition from Visa and MasterCard, compelled AMEXAMEX toRead MoreAmerican Express: Branding Financial Services - Essay10213 Words   |  41 Pageswithout it† was created to convey the essentiality of owning an American Express cardAmerican Express Card. As the company grew, it expanded into a variety of financial categories, including brokerages, banking, and insurance, and by the late 1980s, American Express was the largest diversified financial services firm in the world. 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Art Case Study - 1192 Words

Juan Luna Auto biography Birthname Juan Luna y Novicio Born October 23, 1857 (1857-10-23) Badoc, Ilocos Norte, Philippines Died December 7, 1899 (1899-12-08) (aged 42) Hong Kong Studied Academia de Dibujo Y Pintura, Ateneo de Manila Escuella de Bella Artes Mother Laureana Novicio y Ancheta Father Joaquà ­n Luna de San Pedro Field Painting, drawing, sculpting Movement Romanticism, Realism Works Style of painting Juan Lunas paintings are described as being vigorous, realistic and dramatic and with romantic elements. In a single brush stroke, he paints a fair of emotions that fills the beholder with drama and tragedy of his theme. His style shows the influence of Delacroix, Rembrandt, and Daumier. However, despite†¦show more content†¦I find it scary. Besides, the picture seems to be mocking you. -Another critic also said that although Leonardo worked on the Mona Lisa over a number of years in a number of different cities, none of his business or household records contain any mention of a model who might have sat for the portrait. In an article in the January issue of Arts and Antiques, Schwartz describes how her conclusions tie together a number of seemingly unrelated anomalies in the painting, its shadowy quality, the unusual dress, the lack of jewelry, the awkward pose and the split pair of unrelated landscapes on either side of the figure. She points out that Leonardo s delight in riddles caused him to plant clues in all his paintings and that the Mona Lisa was no exception. When these clues are taken together with da Vincis known homosexuality and life style, a picture emerges of the great painter creating a disguised self-portrait in womens clothes. As Schwartz puts it, That famous smile, so tantalizing for so many centuries is the mirrored smile of da Vinci himself. -Another says he haven’t seen the big deal of the painting. He quoted â€Å"It’s just a portrait of a not particularly interesting woman against a dark and mountainous backdrop. Undoubtedly highly proficient technically, it is, to my eye, an unemotional and unmoving piece of art.† Self Portrait (1515) -The identification of the drawing as a self-portrait was made in the 19th century, based on the similarityShow MoreRelatedStatus of Qualitative Research in Early Childhood Education and Development (Eced)1733 Words   |  7 Pages2005-2010. The first two journals are published by Rutledge and the last one is published by Springer. The starting point for the literature review was library data base of IED, which permitted access to full text articles. Large no of qualitative studies were found in each journal however, for the present review, only 25 of them were selected on the basis of different research traditions within qualitative paradigm. 15 of them are reviewed for the present task and bibliography of the remaining articlesRead MoreCase Study Art of Motivation5060 Words   |  21 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT THE ART OF MOTIVATION Human Resource Management MRB 2032 Case Analysis 3 THE ART OF MOTIVATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This article is about the art of motivation in Nucor, about strategy and action plan to motivate the people such as talking to them, listening to them, taking a risk on their ideas, and accepting the occasional failure. 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Which is why things like sports or dance can be considered art theyRead MoreCase Study Example Xyz Corp.1461 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Sample DRAFT #1 Table of Contents Overview .........................................................................................................................1 Supplier ...........................................................................................................................2 About XYZ Corporation ...................................................................................................2 End User .........................................................Read MoreA New Kind of Structure. 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I would study the company’s business model, perform very rudimentary fundamental and qualitative analysis on these picks and if its intrinsic value matched the criteria set, I would add it to my portfolio on Investopedia.com. Apart from this, I also spent a considerable amount of time researching on various stock picking strategies to further strengthen

Relationships and Breakup Free Essays

* When two parties disclose personal information with each other the consensus is that the two persons will like each other more. (Rowland Miller, 2012) * Disclosure within a relationship is beneficial by raising intimacy, trust and closeness levels between two partners (Dindia Fitzpatrick, 1985: Duck, 1994a) * Strangers who open up to each admire each other more than couples who reveal less personal information to each other (Slatcher, 2010) * That being said, this shows that there is a very strong bond when disclosing personal information to each other and that it plays a large role when building a relationship. * Social penetration theory (Altman Taylor,1973) * New relationships have a large breadth of topics discussed, while the depth of the topics is very shallow. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships and Breakup or any similar topic only for you Order Now Self-disclosure is rare to be found at this level of relationship. Break ups * If a person’s past relationship was broken off early within the relationship, that is the depth of the topics discussed was very shallow and little self-disclosure occurred, than it would be safe to say that within a new relationship they would seek that acceptance and self-disclosure earlier on. They never really got to disclose personal information with their ex, therefore they may pursue that self-disclosure more ambitiously within the new relationship. * If a person’s past relationship was broken off at a later stage where self-disclosure between two partners was a common occurrence the parties may misattribute the separation with rejected disclosed information. Within new relationships it may take longer for them to disclose information with their new partners. Revised Filter Theory New Relationships Hypotheses/Questions we want to ask: * Does the denial of disclosed information from previous relationships have an outcome on newly formed relationships? That is, is it harder to disclose information to new partners? Does it take longer? * If past the past relationships ended early on before self-disclosure could occur. Do people pursue self-disclosure earlier on in the newly formed relationship? How to cite Relationships and Breakup, Papers

Through Practical Applications Of Wireless â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Through Practical Applications Of Wireless? Answer: Introducation As stated above, wireless LAN has become the most popular wireless technology in the world, this outcome has been facilitated by its conveniences and benefits which have enhanced all applications of networking/connectivity [1]. Furthermore, its associated protocol (IEEE 802.11) has enabled secure access to networking resources while boosting collaboration with other associated technologies. In fact, through wireless LAN different users having different devices as well as technologies can connect to the same networks. This outcome is very different as compared to past systems that used wired networks that required the users to connect to the same wiring system in order to access similar resources. As the technology grows, the users have also had to adapt to the associated problems more so, security where advanced security protocols have been developed to filter networks frames/data. These security protocols have also grown with the technology where a growth, from WEP, has led to the d evelopment of WPA and WPA2 [2]. Nevertheless, one of the most significant factor in the application of WLAN has been the internet, which through its services and resources has influenced end-users to seek effective means to access it. Therefore, wireless LAN can be thought of as a conventional technology, whose growth and applications has been influenced by the subsequent growth of the internet. Furthermore, the increased demand of wireless LAN has seen multiple technologies and protocols introduced in order to match the sharing functionalities of computer resources through wired networks [3]. The sharing of computer resources is further exemplified by the connection spectrum used which uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique to increase the overall network access. In the end, the user has enhanced flexibility and extended network coverage, important factors in the enhancement of communication outcomes. Literature Review WLANs IEEE 802.11 standard was created back in 1987 as a standardization of wireless communication where it was used as a low power communication protocol. In itself, the protocol did not require any form of licencing and could be used for various functionalities. However, at the initial stages, its application was derailed by the nature of the used as they required expensive and bulky equipment. This derailment would come to pass in the 1990s when the growth of the telecommunication industry saw the development of proprietary protocols and solutions that had different versions of the mother protocol (IEEE 802.11) [4]. Throughout the years two main WLAN standards have been developed; IEEE 802.11 and Hiper LAN. Now, the IEEE 802.11 is better of the two having mature functionalities as result of its extensive application throughout the industry. Furthermore, its applications, components and cards are produced by many manufacturers who hold different objectives while facilitating the enhancement of wireless networks. In terms of operation, it uses the 2.4 GHz range which provides an all-inclusive connectivity of mobile/portable stations across a given local area network [5]. This outcome has enhanced its application where its growth is clearly outlined by the evolution of the transfer rates, as exhibited in the diagram below. IEEE standard evolution Standard Frequency used Transfer rates Operation range Legacy 2.4 GHz 1 Mbps Unknown 802.11a 5 GHz 25 Mbps 30 m 802.11b 2.4 GHz 6.5 Mbps 30 m 802.11g 2.4 GHz 25 Mbps 30 m 802.11n 2.4 GHz 200 Mbps 50 m On the other hand, HIPERLAN (an acronym for High-performance radio local area network) represents a standard developed by the European institute of telecommunication (ETSI) in order to enhance the overall performance of wireless networks. The technology or standard is used with portable devices that require broadband connections such as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and ATM (Asynchronous transfer mode). However, its application is still limited as it's still in the prototyping stages [6]. Components of WLAN Regardless of the protocol used, WLAN uses the same components that are similar to the traditional systems used to facilitate its operations. These components are access points, interface cards (adapters), repeaters and antennas. Now, these elements are used to collaborate the wireless infrastructure through their respective operations. Moreover, these components are supplemented by other functionalities particularly those of security that ensure the right people access the network resources. These additional functionalities are authentication, authorization and accounting [7]. In the modern structure, RADIUS servers (remote address dial-in user service) are used to perform these functionalities while being collaborated with network management servers (NMS). Furthermore, the respective devices/gadgets used to access the networks are made using intelligent technologies that help to protect the users. IEEE 802.11 main components Stations also referred to as base stations, these component houses the devices that support the networks functionalities through their computing capabilities. In all, the wireless networks are designed to transfer data packets from one station to another, a functionality that requires the base station. These stations are controlled by the access points and can either be a portable or a non-portable devices e.g. a laptop. Access points an important component that offers the bridging service to wireless networks, where communication frames are converted from wired systems to wireless connections. Therefore, access points enable WLAN to be connected to the rest of the world more so, to other wired connections [8]. Medium (wireless) the radio spectrum is used as the medium, where electromagnetic waves are used to connect the various service stations. However, this medium is supported by several physical layers. At the start, two physical layers were used; infrared and radio frequency but, RF has grown to become the most popular option. Distributed systems having established the access points, their communication over a large area requires a tracking facility to highlight the movement of portable stations. Now, the logical element used to meet this functionality is the distributed system which is used to forward network frames to their respective destinations. Because of their functionalities, distributed systems are known as backbone networks e.g. Ethernet [4]. WLAN Architecture The IEEE 802.11 standards allow wireless networks to be configured using two main methods: The infrastructure method/mode. The Adhoc mode. In the first mode (infrastructure), a common central access point is used to coordinate operations where different service stations are served in a distributed way. In comparison to this structure, the Adhoc mode does not have a central access point and therefore will not have a common network coordinator [9]. This outcome decreases accountability which facilitates network intrusions among many other inconveniences. Nevertheless, both models use similar access method i.e. the distributed coordination function (DCF). However, the infrastructure mode does also facilitate its operations using another additional access method, the point coordination function (PCF). DCF (common method): an access method that uses carrier sensing to coordinate the transfer of data packets. In most wireless networks, the CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance) technique is used to coordinate communication where packet collisions are avoided in the telecommunication channels. This outcome is accomplished using an intelligent functionality that analyses the content of service stations and channels before communication is conducted [10]. PCF: on the other hand, PCF, unlike DCF, will use time division technique (TDM) to coordinate operations across network stations. Now, PCF will use a point coordinator who will act as a master to the stations (slaves). Through this structure, the transmission period is divided into different sections with each station being allocated a time frame. The station on its behalf will then transmit information when given a go ahead by the point coordinator through a polling frame element. Therefore, the coordinator will decide the stations that are allowed to transmit thus eliminating delays due to collisions [4]. Protocol architecture From the diagram above its easy to identify the similarity between the IEEE model with the OSI model where the physical layer (lowest layer) directly corresponds with that of the OSI model. Now, the physical layer, in this case, is used to perform several functionalities including the encoding and decoding of communication signals. Moreover, the layer will facilitate the removal and generation of the preamble in readiness for network synchronization. Furthermore, the same layer will enable the communicating devices to transmit and receive data bits based on an electrical medium. Above the physical layer is the data link layer which encapsulates the logical link layer (LLC) and the medium access control layer (MAC). This layer through its subsidiary layers provides several functionalities including the assembling and error detection of data frames. The same layer will monitor network access through the communication mediums in order to avoid unauthorised access. Moreover, the data link layer will provide an elaborate interface with the other layers in order to conduct error and flow control functionalities [11]. WLAN categories Four main categories are used in this scenario; infrared LAN (IR), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and narrow band microwave LAN (NBML). IR operating within the 1 and 2 Mbps range, IR LANs are associated with inexpensive structures that operate within the same frequency range as those of fibre optic links. IR also only detects the amplitude of signals which minimises interferences across communication channels. Moreover, the same networks are not limited in terms of bandwidth which facilitates higher transmission speeds as compared to other LAN systems. In all, IR will operate using the light spectrum which is attributed to better transmission rates while having minimal resource requirements. In addition to this, IR LANs can operate using two transmission methods; an aimed mode which has the best transmission rates based on its bandwidth and throughput requirement and, two the omnidirectional mode, where signals are bounced off objects [12]. DSSS operating within the 2.4 GHz range, DSSS offers sevens communication channels that are characterised with optimal data rates of up to 2 Mbps. This category of LAN is used in the ISM field (industrial, scientific and medical) which in itself does not require any form of licencing. Nevertheless, DSSS will use multiple transmission bits to represent the original signal. These multiple bits are known as chipping codes and are used to spread the communication signal across a wider area using frequency bands that match the bits used. Therefore, while using DSSS, a chipping code having a 10 bits structure will spread the overall signal across a band that is 10 times bigger than the 1-bit signal originally used. FHSS another LAN category that uses the 2.4GHz range with a 2 Mbps data rate. The FHSS is also used within the ISM band and will also not require any form of licencing. However, unlike the DSSS, FHSS will broadcast signals over a series of radio frequencies which will enable the signals to hop from one frequency range to another using known intervals. Therefore, communicating devices (transmitter and receiver) will have to synchronise their hops in order to match their frequency ranges [13]. NBML operating at high frequencies, narrow band LANs will use microwave frequencies to transmit signals. In terms of application, they are the least used category and unlike the rest will not use spread spectrums. Their operations are conducted using single frequency modulation where a 5.8 GHz band is used. Now, the benefit of NBML is the high throughput that is achieved due to the absence of the spread spectrum overhead [5]. WLAN Applications WLAN application traverses all the fields and industries of business, including personal communication where increased demand for internet connectivity has led to the growth of the IEEE 802.11 standard. In all, four applications are exhibited by WLAN: Network extension Cross-building interconnection Nomadic access Ad hoc connectivity Network extension: local area networks in the past were associated with cabled infrastructure that used Ethernet connections to serve end users. These wired networks were expensive to set up and maintain, however, with WLAN, an effective and beneficial alternative is provided based on the existing wired infrastructure. Essentially, WLAN will be used to extend the reach of wired LAN thus facilitate a wider coverage, an outcome that will also increase the number of people being served. Therefore, as stated in the previous section, the Ethernet connection (distributed system) will form the backbone structure while the WLAN will extend the services [14]. Cross-building connection: while LAN may operate within closed quotas, some organizations will have multiple buildings each having their own respective LANs. Now, using wired connections, the building can be connected to form an extensive LAN connection. However, this method is expensive and will require many resources more so the cabling. WLAN more so, point to point connections (link) will facilitate the exchange of information across the different LANs. In this case, the WLAN will link network devices such as routers and bridges. Nomadic access: this application is a direct response to the desire of mobility and flexibility where LAN hubs are accessed by portable devices equipped with the necessary access infrastructure such as antennas. An example of this application is a student accessing an assignment stored in a campus server while using the Wi-Fi connection. As an application, nomadic access extends the network environment by allowing multiple users to operate within a wide area. Ad hoc: the final application of WLAN corresponds to one of the access mode discussed before, where operations are not governed by a central coordinator. In essence, ad hoc connections are peer to peer networks that are set up by users for specific and immediate needs. Therefore, ad hoc connections are usually temporary in nature having minimal control feature but with the capabilities of wireless connections. Through this applications, the participants act as both the servers and clients accessing the information they require [15]. New Findings (Recent Advances) Due to the rapid growth of the WLANs, wireless network professionals are under constant pressure to develop new technologies that meet the demands of the consumers particularly in the enterprise environment. Now, this section highlights some of the new findings discovered in the field of WLAN, more so, the advances in the IEEE 802.11 standard. Advances in IEEE 802.11 standard 802.11ac: a recent advancement in the IEEE standard that was released in 2015 having extended capabilities as compared to its predecessor, the IEEE 802.11n standard. The 802.11ac standard combines the benefits of mobile connectivity with those of Gigabit Ethernet technology. This outcome is achieved using its three dimensions of operations that are; one, extra channels bonding where a 160 MHz band is used (300 percent increase from the previous range). Two, better modulation as supported by quadrature amplitude modulation and finally, more inputs and outputs (MIMO). 802.11ad (WiGig): a short range WLAN that is designed using a high-frequency model that is able to carry more information while having a better throughput. Now, this standard will use a 60 GHz RF spectrum, unlike the commonly used 2.4 GHz range. Therefore, in close quotas, the standard will facilitate higher transmission speeds of about 7Gbps [16]. 802.11ah (Wi-Fi HaLow): a WLAN standard that answers the question of having a Bluetooth equivalent of wireless networks. In essence, 802.11ah will offer the same functionalities as Bluetooth connections but with the extended features of WLAN. Furthermore, it will operate at low frequencies (below GHz) thus will serve longer distances at lower costs. Moreover, the same standard will require low power to operate which will facilitate its application in smart systems such as those of IoT (internet of things). 802.11ax: outlined as the next big thing, the 802.11ax standard promises to have better functionalities and feature as compared to the existing WLAN technologies. For one, the standard will have faster speeds (between 4 to 10 times faster) as compared to the existing standards. Moreover, it will extend the coverage distance an outcome that will be coupled with multiple communication channels increasing the overall network throughput [17]. Therefore, for a single channel, the speeds may get up to 4 Gbps a result that will see the entire standard have speeds of over 14 Gbps. Furthermore, the standard will have minimal congestions owing to the orthogonal multiplexing techniques that will be used. In addition to this, it will have a better battery life because it will operate within convenient frequencies based on the users requirements. Conclusion Wireless LAN form a critical component of wireless networking where local connections are supported using wireless infrastructure. Now, based on the analysis done by this report, their application extend in all the fields of life which signify their importance in information technology. Moreover, their extensive application makes them the most notable and used technology in the world as many users will use them to access resources through different devices. Furthermore, their functionalities form the basis of worldwide networks more so the internet which integrates many resources through a common network. WLAN is also exhibited as an efficient technology that throughout the years has evolved to fit the needs of the users. This evolution is even seen today where new advances as outlined in the previous section have been developed. WLAN can, therefore, be outlined as a true reflection of technology because its attributed as a factor of time where it changes continuously based on the needs of the users. Therefore, in the future, WLAN will continue to boost its operations based on its defining factors and components which again are encapsulated within its transmission medium of the radio frequency spectrum. References R. Budhrani and R. Sridaran, "Wireless Local Area Networks: Threats and Their Discovery Using WLANs Scanning Tools," International Journal of Advanced Networking Applications (IJANA) , p. Available: https://www.ijana.in/Special%20Issue/26.pdf, 2016. R. Bhatnagar and V. 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